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Antibiotic resistant bacteria/genes dissemination in lacustrine sediments highly increased following cultural eutrophication of Lake Geneva (Switzerland)

机译：在日内瓦湖（瑞士）的文化富营养化之后，湖沉积物中的抗生素抗性细菌/基因的传播大大增加

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This study investigates faecal indicator bacteria (FIB), multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR), and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), of sediment profiles from different parts of Lake Geneva (Switzerland) over the last decades. MARs consist to expose culturable Escherichia coli (EC) and Enterococcus (ENT) to mixed five antibiotics including Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Amoxicillin, Chloramphenicol and Erythromycin. Cultureindependent is performed to assess the distribution of ARGs responsible for, b-lactams (blaTEM; Amoxicillin/Ampicillin), Streptomycin/Spectinomycin (aadA), Tetracycline (tet) Chloramphenicol (cmlA) and Vancomycin (van). Bacterial cultures reveal that in the sediments deposited following eutrophication of Lake Geneva in the 1970s, the percentage of MARs to five antibiotics varied from 0.12% to 4.6% and 0.016% to 11.6% of total culturable EC and ENT, respectively. In these organic-rich bacteria-contaminated sediments, the blaTEM resistant of FIB varied from 22% to 48% and 16% to 37% for EC and ENT respectively, whereas the positive PCR assays responsible for tested ARGs were observed for EC, ENT, and total DNA from all samples. The aadA resistance gene was amplified for all the sediment samples, including those not influenced by WWTP effluent water. Our results demonstrate that bacteria MARs and ARGs highly increased in the sediments contaminated with WWTP effluent following the cultural eutrophication of Lake Geneva. Hence, the human-induced changing limnological conditions highly enhanced the sediment microbial activity, and therein the spreading of antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes in this aquatic environment used to supply drinking water in a highly populated area. Furthermore, the presence of the antibiotic resistance gene aadA in all the studied samples points out a regional dissemination of this emerging contaminant in freshwater sediments since at least the late nineteenth century.
机译：这项研究调查了过去数十年来来自日内瓦湖（瑞士）不同地区的沉积物剖面的粪便指示细菌（FIB），多种抗生素抗性（MAR）和抗生素抗性基因（ARG）。 MARs使可培养的大肠杆菌（EC）和肠球菌（ENT）暴露于混合的五种抗生素中，包括氨苄青霉素，四环素，阿莫西林，氯霉素和红霉素。进行不依赖于培养的评估以评估负责b-内酰胺（blaTEM;阿莫西林/氨苄青霉素），链霉素/壮观霉素（aadA），四环素（tet）氯霉素（cmlA）和万古霉素（van）的ARGs的分布。细菌培养表明，在1970年代日内瓦湖富营养化之后沉积的沉积物中，MARs对五种抗生素的百分比分别占可培养EC和ENT总量的0.12％至4.6％和0.016％至11.6％。在这些富含有机物的细菌污染的沉积物中，对于EC和ENT，FIB的blaTEM抗性分别为22％至48％和16％至37％，而观察到EC，ENT，以及所有样本中的总DNA。对所有沉积物样品，包括未受到污水处理厂污水影响的那些样品，均扩增了aadA抗性基因。我们的结果表明，随着日内瓦湖的文化富营养化，被污水处理厂废水污染的沉积物中的细菌MARs和ARGs高度增加。因此，人为改变的气候条件极大地提高了沉积物的微生物活性，并在该水生环境中扩散了抗生素抗性细菌和基因，从而在人口稠密的地区提供饮用水。此外，在所有研究的样品中都存在抗生素抗性基因aadA，这表明至少从19世纪后期开始，这种新兴污染物在淡水沉积物中的区域分布。

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